In addition, an in vivo study demonstrated the release of exosome-like vesicles from prostate epithelial cells, referred to as prostasomes and thought to be essential for motility of spermatozoa (Ronquist and Brody 1985). Further confirmation was provided by a similar pathway of exosomes in B-lymphocytes (Raposo et al., 1996), dendritic cells (Zitvogel et al., 1998), and many other cells including platelets, T-cells, mast cells, neurons, Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, and epithelial cells (Simons and Raposo 2009 Théry et al., 2009 Becker 2014). EVs can be broadly classified into exosomes, microvesicles (MVs), and apoptotic bodies (ABs), based on different biological properties such as biogenesis pathways, size and biomarker (Zhang et al., 2019).Įxosomes are a subset of EVs with a size of approximately 30–100 nm, which were found to be secreted upon the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the plasma membrane during the differentiation of reticulocyte for the first time (Harding et al., 1984 Pan et al., 1985). They are released from most cell types and biofluids such as blood, saliva, breast milk, semen, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), colostrum (de la Torre Gomez et al., 2018), tears (Grigoreva et al., 2017), bronchoalveolar fluid (Torregrosa Paredes et al., 2012), epididymal fluid (Gatti et al., 2005), amniotic fluid (Asea et al., 2008), bile (Masyuk et al., 2010), blastocoel fluid (Battaglia et al., 2019), middle ear effusion (Val et al., 2017), and ascites (Zhu et al., 2018). EVs are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous nanovesicles with diameter around 30–1000 nm (sometimes as large as a few micrometers Raposo et al., 1996). Recently, a novel way of cell-cell communication mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs) has gained lots of attention (Sverdlov 2012 Maia et al., 2018 Stahl and Raposo 2018).
Finally, we propose future perspectives for EV-related research in stem cell and cancer biology.ĭiverse communication systems mediate intercellular communication, both in physiological and pathological conditions, such as cellular junctions (tight junction, adherence junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes), integrins, and selectins (Martin et al., 2013). This review also deliberates the role of EVs in normal cell processes and disease conditions, and their application as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Their pros and cons in the context of characterization of EVs are also extensively discussed in this review. All such discoveries have been facilitated by tremendous technological advancements in EV-associated research, especially the microfluidics systems. In addition, it discusses the role of EVs in cancer progression and their application as therapeutic agents or drug delivery vehicles. This review focuses on the significant research progress made so far in the role of the crosstalk between EVs and stem cells and their niche, and cellular communication among different germ layers in developmental biology. EVs have been recently revealed to play a crucial role in stem cell biology and cancer progression via intercellular communication, contributing to organ development and the progression of cancer.
The transition of EV relevance from that of being assumed as a trash bag to be a key player in critical physiological and pathological conditions has been revolutionary in many ways. The classification of EVs includes exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, dependent on various factors such as size, markers, and biogenesis pathways. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are tiny biological nanovesicles ranging from approximately 30–1000 nm in diameter that are released into the extracellular matrix of most cell types and in biofluids.
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